Fermat Operational Matrix for Solving Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations Using Spectral Galerkin Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/wjps.1070Keywords:
Fermat polynomials, Nonlinear Fractional Equations, Fermat operational matrix, Galerkin methodAbstract
This paper presents a truncated series of Fermat polynomials as a quick and effective way to solve fractional differential equations numerically. The suggested method converts the fractional differential equation with its beginning conditions into a set of algebraic equations. This transformation is achieved by using the Galerkin spectral technique in conjunction with the matrix of operations for fractional-order derivatives according to Caputo's definition of Fermat polynomials. The precision, efficiency, and stability of the suggested approach are illustrated through a series of numerical examples. The results also show excellent compatibility with exact solutions even when the exact solution is non-polynomial. In addition, comparisons with previously reported methods confirm the higher performance and reliability of the current strategy.
References
[1] Hesthaven, J.S.; Gottlieb, S.; Gottlieb, D. Spectral Methods for Time-Dependent Problems; Vol. 21, Cambridg Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618352
[2] Boyd, J.P. Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods; Dover Publications: Mineola, New York, 2001.
[3] Trefethen, L.N. Spectral Methods in MATLAB; Vol. 10, Software, Environments, and Tools, SIAM: Philadelphia, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898719598
[4] Bhrawy, A.H.; Taha, T.M.; Machado, J.A.T. A Review of Operational Matrices and Spectral Techniques for Fractional Calculus. Nonlinear Dynamics,vol. 81,pp. 1023–1052,2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-015-2087-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-015-2087-0
[5] Lee, G.; Asci, M. Some Properties of the p,q-Fibonacci and p,q-Lucas Polynomials. Publishing Corporation Journal of Applied Mathematics,vol. 2012,no. 264842,pp. 1-18,2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/264842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/264842
[6] Youssri, H.Y. A New Operational Matrix of Caputo Fractional Derivatives of Fermat Polynomials: An Application for Solving the Bagley–Torvik Equation. Advances in Difference Equations,vol. 2017,no. 73 ,1–17,2017. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1123-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1123-4
[7] Abd-Elhameed, W.M.; Alqubori, O.M.; Amin, A.K.; Atta, A.G. AMatrix Approach by Convolved Fermat Polynomials for Solving the Fractional Burgers’ Equation. Mathematics,vol. 13,no, 1135 ,pp. 1–25, 2025. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071135
[8] M.A. Taema, M.D.; Youssri, Y. Spectral Collocation Method via Fermat Polynomials for Fredholm-Volterra In- tegral Equations with Singular Kernels and Fractional Differential Equations. Palestine Journal of Mathematics ,vol. 14,no. 2, pp. 481–492 ,2025.
[9] A. Hussein and Ali Khalaf Hussain Al-Hachami, “Spectral Solution of Fractional Delay Equations via Fermat Polynomials,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Innovations in IT (ICAIIT), pp. 179–186, 2026.
[10] R. Gorenflo and F. Mainardi, Fractional Calculus: Integral and Differential Equations of Fractional Order, in Fractals and Fractional Calculus in Continuum Mechanics, A. Carpinteri and F. Mainardi (eds.), Springer, vol. 378, pp. 223–276,1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2664-6_5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2664-6_5
[11] K. Lan, “Generalizations of Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals and applications,” Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, vol. 47, no. 16, pp. 12833–12870, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.10183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.10183
[12] A. A. Kilbas, H. M. Srivastava, and J. J. Trujillo, Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, Elsevier vol. 204,pp.1-523 , 2006.
[13] Abu-Shady, M.; MohammedK.A.Kaabar. A Generalized Definition of the Fractional Derivative with Applications. Mathematical Problems in Engineering ,vol. 2021,pp. 1-9,2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9444803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9444803
[14] Changpin Li 1, Fanhai Zeng 2, F.L.. Spectral Approximations to the Fractional Ractionai Integral Andderivative. An International Journal for Theory and Applications,vol. 15,no. 3,pp. 383-406 ,2012. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13540-012-0028-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s13540-012-0028-x
[15] Wang,J. Some new results for the (p,q)-Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials. Wang Advancesin Difference Equations,vol. 2014,no. 64,pp.1-15 ,2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014- 64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-64
[16] Wang,W.; Wang, H. Some results on convolved (p, q)-Fibonacci polynomials. Integral Transforms and Special Functions,vol. 26,no. 5,pp. 340-356, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10652469.2015.1007502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10652469.2015.1007502
[17] A. Secer, S. Altun, and M. Bayram, Legendre wavelet operational matrix method for solving fractional differential equations in some special conditions, Thermal Science, vol. 23, suppl. 1, pp. S203–S214, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI180920034S DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI180920034S
[18] D. Caratelli, P. Natalini, and P. E. Ricci, Fractional Differential Equations and Expansions in Fractional Powers, Symmetry, vol. 15, no. 1842, pp. 1-13, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101842
[19] S. S. Mahmood, K. J. Hamad, M. A. Kareem, and A. F. Shekh, Solution of Multi-order Fractional Differential Equation Based on Conformable Derivative by Shifted Legendre Polynomial, Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 64–68, 2021. https://doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v5n2y2021.pp64-68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v5n2y2021.pp64-68
[20] Y. Yang, Solving a nonlinear multi-order fractional differential equation using Legendre pseudo-spectral method, Applied Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 113–118, 2013. https://doi.org/ 10.4236/am.2013.41020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2013.41020
[21] H. K. Jassim and M. A. Hussein, A new approach for solving nonlinear fractional ordinary differential equations, Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 1565, pp. 1-13, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11071565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math11071565
[22] J. Singh, A. Gupta, and D. Kumar, Computational Analysis of the Fractional Riccati Differential Equation with Prabhakar-type Memory, Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 644, pp. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11030644 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math11030644
[23] M. Abd El-Hady, M. El-Gamel, H. Emadifar, and A. El-shenawy, Analysis of RL electric circuits modeled by fractional Riccati IVP via Jacobi-Broyden Newton algorithm, PLOS ONE, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.1-28, 2025. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0316348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316348
[24] N. Djeddid, I. M. Batiha, N. Harrouche, M. Al-Smadi, and S. Momani, “Advanced solutions for nonlinear fractional equations: A Laplace-Caputo-RKDM approach,” Gulf Journal of Mathematics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 93–110, 2025. https://doi.org/10.56947/gjom.v19i2.2575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56947/gjom.v19i2.2575
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Hussein, Ali Khalaf Hussain Al-Hachami

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





