Assessment of Water Quality and Its Impact on the Distribution of Chara sp. Algae in Central and Northern Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/wjps.603Keywords:
Chara, Algae, Environmental factors, Water quality, BiologyAbstract
The physical and chemical factors of river water influence the distribution, spread, behaviour and adaptation of aquatic organisms.
Thus, the current study was conducted in a number of central and southern regions of Iraq for the purpose of determining the physical and chemical environmental variables in which algae Chara sp. can be present.
Some physical and chemical characteristics of water quality of different sites in central and southern Iraq were studied from October 2023 to April 2024 for villages and rural areas in Salah Al-Deen, Babylon, Kut, Diyala, Anbar and Mosul governorates, in addition to the city of Baghdad within the Tigris River and some natural and artificial water bodies and from 16 sites to find the relationship between the studied factors of water temperature, pH, transparency, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, water depth and the presence of Chara algae.
The results of the current study showed that the algae was present in seven sites and that the water in which the algae was present was with temperature, pH, light transmission close and low depth, low electrical conductivity, low levels of nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and high dissolved oxygen, which indicates that the algae prefers to live in such conditions and has the ability to remove some elements from the water and the northern or near areas are a preferred place for the presence of these algae.
Chara sp. algae prefer clean, low-nutrient, shallow waters with high light transmission, away from organic pollution and phosphates and nitrates, and shallow depths.
References
B.A.H. Al-Magdamy, I.M.A. Al-Salman, "Variation of non-diatomic algae in a martyr monument lake under different climate factors," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 779, pp. 012084, 2021.
E.R. Weiner, "Application of environmental chemistry," Lewis publishers, Boca Raton, CRC Press, pp. 288, 2000. DOI: 10.1201/978-1420032963.
T. Bere, J.G. Tundisi, "Effects of cadmium stress and sorption kinetics on tropical freshwater periphytic communities in indoor mesocosm experiments" Science of the Total Environment, vol. 432, pp. 103–112, 2012.
Z.K. Abdulsahib, B.A.H. Al-Magdamy, "The effect of changing the culture medium on the growth curves of some Iraqi diatoms," Biochemical and Cellular Archives, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 473, 2021.
N.S. Yousef, R. Farouq, R. Hazzaa, "Adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by an ion-exchange resin: application of two and three parameter isotherm models," Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 57, no. 46, pp. 21925–21938, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1132474
M. Mjelde, T. Swe, A. Langangen, A. Ballot, "A contribution to the knowledge of charophytes in Myanmar; morphological and genetic identification and ecology notes," Botany Letters, vol. 168, pp. 102–109, 2020.
P.M. Maulood, S.A. Amin, X. Mustafa, Y.A. Shekha, "Allelopathic Influences of Lower Plants or Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seed Germination and some Growth Characteristies," Journal of Education and Science, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 72-80, 2024.
J.S. Al-Hassany, H.E. AL Bayaty, "Screening of Epiphytic Algae on the Aquatic Plant Phragmites australis inhabiting Tigris River in Al Jadria Site, Baghdad, Iraq," Bagdad Science Journal, vol. 14, no. 1) pp.175, 2017.
Z.Z. Aljanabi, F.M. Hassan, A.H.M.J. Al-Obaidy, "Heavy metals pollution profiles in Tigris River within Baghdad city," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1088, pp. 012008, 2022.
F.M. Hassan, M.M. El-Sheekh, T.A. Wahhab, "Environmental factors drive phytoplankton primary productivity in a shallow Lake," Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1-12, 2023.
T.A. Wahhab, F.M. Hassan, "Environmental parameters drive the phytoplankton community structure: a case study in Baghdad Tourist Island Lake, Iraq," Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, 74-87, 2023.
L.S. Abu_Hadal, J.S. AL-Hassany, "Using Diatom Indices to Evaluate Water quality In ABU -Zirig Marsh Thi-Qar Province /south Iraq," Baghdad Science Journal, vol. 17, no. 2 Special Issue, pp. 599-603, 2020.
C. Langdon, Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater By Winkler Titration using Amperometric Technique. In:" The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines," Version 1, (eds E.M. Hood, C.L. Sabine, B.M. Sloyan). 18pp.. (IOCCP Report Number 14; ICPO Publication Series Number 134), 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1350.
APHA (American Public Health Association) "Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater ," 21st Edition. Washington, DC. USA, 2005.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) "Method 3653: Phosphorus, All Forms (Colorimetric, Ascorbic Acid, Two Reagent)," US EPA. Washington, DC.USA, 1978.
F.B. Salem, L.A. Abdulla, "Potentiometric Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Water and Biological Fluid Using a Divalent Ion Electrode," Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 13, pp. 127–138, 1994.
S.A. Shehata, S.A.Bader, "Water quality changes in Nile carrier, Egypt," Journal of Applied Sciences Research, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1457-1465, 2010.
L.A. Al-Maliki, S.K. Al-Mamoori, N. Al-Ansari, K. El-Tawel, F. Comair, "Climate change impact on water resources of Iraq (a review of literature)," IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1120, pp. 012025, 2022. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012025.
L. Bonacina, F. Fasano, V. Mezzanotte, R. Fornaroli, "Effects of water temperature on freshwater macroinvertebrates: a systematic review," Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 191–221, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12903.
M. Naserikia, M.A. Hart, N. Nazarian, B. Bechtel, M. Lipson, K.A. Nice, "Land surface and air temperature dynamics: The role of urban form and seasonality," The Science of the Total Environment, vol. 905, pp. 167306, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167306.
J.J. Toma, F.H. Aziz, "Algal study in springs and streams from Shaqlawa district, Erbil Province, Iraq I- Euglenophyta," Baghdad Science Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 0483, 2022. https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/6419.
N.M. Al-Baghdadi, E.N. Sultan, A.A.M. Abdullah, "Effect of some environmental factors on the occurrence and distribution of Polychaeta Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) in the intertidal region of Shatt Al-Arab River Basrah Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.27–46, 2022. https://doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v18i2.349.
B.A.a.H. Al-Magdamy, A.M. Sultan, I.K. Abdulhassan, "Climate Changes and Their Impact on Phytoplankton and Physicochemical Properties of the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq," Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1405–1416., 2024.
L.A. Gaysina, "Influence of pH on the Morphology and Cell Volume of Microscopic Algae, Widely Distributed in Terrestrial Ecosystems," Plants, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 357, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030357.
A. Eremin, A.A. Bulychev, C. Kluge, J. Harbinson, I. Foissner, "pH-dependent cell–cell interactions in the green alga Chara," Protoplasma, vol. 256, pp. 1737–1751, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01392-0.
D.A.H. Al-Abbawy, "Assessment of trophic status for Shatt Al-Arab River using trophic state index (TSI)," Journal of Basrah Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 36-44, 2012.
S. Nurashov, G. Jumakhanova, S. Barinova, R. Romanov, E. Sametova, A. Jiyenbekov, S. Shalgimbayeva, T.E. Smith, "Charophytes (Charophyceae, Charales) of South Kazakhstan: Diversity, Distribution, and Tentative Red List," Plants (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 368, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020368.
B. Ali, Anushka, A. Mishra, "Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on freshwater fish: A review," International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 113-127, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2022.v10.i4b.2693.
D. Achá, S. Guédron, D. Amouroux, D. Point, X. Lazzaro, P.E. Fernandez, G. Sarret, "Algal Bloom Exacerbates Hydrogen Sulfide and Methylmercury Contamination in the Emblematic High-Altitude Lake Titicaca," Geosciences, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 438, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120438.
M.M. AI-Hejuje, "Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in middle part of Shatt AI-Arab River," Ph.D. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, pp. 240, 2014.
N.A. Al-Naqeeb, J.S. Al Hassany, F.K. Mashi, "Assessment of the water quality of Um El-Naaj marshes by diatoms.," Ecology Environment and Conservation, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 405 -410, 2020.
S. Ansari, S.K.Singh, "Limnologicalstudies with reference to phytoplankton diversity in ponds of semi-arid zone of western Uttar Pradesh," Biological Forum – An International Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.129-147, 2017.
Z.A. Al-Shaban, "Assessment of the water quality of the eastern Hammar Marsh in southern Iraq using the Canadian index" M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, pp.126, 2021.
E. Pronin, M. Pełechaty, K. Apolinarska, A. Pukacz, "Oxygen stable isotope composition of carbonate encrusites of two modern, widely distributed, morphologically different charophyte species," Hydrobiologia, vol. 809, pp. 41-52, 2018.
K. Siong, T. Asaeda, "Calcite encrusite in macro-algae Chara and its implication to the formation of carbonate-bound cadmium," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, no. 1-3, pp. 1237–1241, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.068.
M. Pełechaty, J. Ossowska, A. Pukacz, K. Apolinarska, M. Siepak, "Site-dependent species composition, structure and environmental conditions of Chara tomentosa L. Meadows, western Poland," Aquatic Botany, vol. 120, pp. 92-100, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.06.015.
T.Y. Sadare, C.H. Wagh, 'Study on Hardness Removal from Water by Using Chara Algal Species," International Journal of Engineering Research And Management (IJERM). Special issues, pp. 76-80, 2020.
C. Poschenrieder, J.A. Fernández, L. Rubio, L. Pérez, J. Terés, J. Barceló, J. "Transport and Use of Bicarbonate in Plants: Current Knowledge and Challenges Ahead," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1352, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051352.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Maiada Raad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
