Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis Among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Wasit Province
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/wjps.461Keywords:
Keywords: E. gingivalis, periodontitis, dental, gingivitisAbstract
-
Gingivitis and periodontitis are two inflammatory illnesses that are also considered infectious diseases in the context of periodontal disease diagnosis, periodontitis is a widespread oral illness that affects people all over the world .The current study used the wet mount technique with physiological saline and Giemsa stain to ascertain the incidence of Entamoeba gingivalis among 30 subjects (15 men and 15 females). (73%), E. gingivalis was prevalent overall (21 - 30) year olds had the highest frequency of E. gingivalis (54.55%). Infection was highly significant in female (59%) than male (41%).
The conclusion that periodontal disease has a higher prevalence of E. gingivalis. The presence of E. gingivalis in the oral cavity is interpreted as an indication of inadequate dental hygiene, even though it is not often linked to pathogenesis. It is important to emphasise that patients' oral hygiene practices are not up to scratch. They employ mostly ineffective oral cavity hygiene products.
References
REFERENCES
Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Li, H., Ni, C., Du, Z., & Yan, F. (2018). Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 99, 883-893.
Martin-Garcia DF et al. P ar asites in periodontal health and dis- ease: a systematic r e vie w and meta-anal ysis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2022; 1373 :95–111.
Santos, J. O., and Roldán, W. H. (2023). Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: protozoa parasites living in the mouth. Archives of Oral Biology, 147, 105631.
Negrini, T. D. C., Carlos, I. Z., Duque, C., Caiaffa, K. S., & Arthur, R. A. (2021). Interplay among the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, the host immune response, diabetes mellitus, and its associated-risk factors—An overview. Frontiers in oral health, 2, 697428.
Deo, P. N., and Deshmukh, R. (2019). Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology, 23(1), 122-128.
Yaseen, A., Mahafzah, A., Dababseh, D., Taim, D., Hamdan, A. A., Al-Fraihat, E., ... & Sallam, M. (2021). Oral colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: a PCR-based study in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 782805..
Yazar, S., Çetinkaya, Ü., Hamamci, B., Alkan, A., Sisman, Y., Esen, Ç., & Kolay, M. (2016). Investigation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in periodontitis or gingivitis patients in Kayseri. Türkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi, 40(1), 17.
Bonner, M., Amard, V., Bar-Pinatel, C., Charpentier, F., Chatard, J. M., Desmuyck, Y., ... & Santi-Rocca, J. (2014). Detection of the amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis in periodontal pockets. Parasite, 21.
Bogitsh, B. J., Carter, C. E., & Oeltmann, T. N. (2013). General characteristics of the Trematoda. Human parasitology, 4th edn. Academic Press, Waltham, 153-178.
Mielnik-Blaszczak, M., Rzymowska, J., Michalowski, A., Skawinska-Bednarczyk, A., & Blaszczak, J. (2018). Entamoeba gingivalis-prevalence and correlation with dental caries in children from rural and urban regions of Lublin province, Eastern Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25(4).
Stensvold, C. R., Nielsen, M., Baraka, V., Lood, R., Fuursted, K., & Nielsen, H. V. (2021). Entamoeba gingivalis: epidemiology, genetic diversity and association with oral microbiota signatures in North Eastern Tanzania. Journal of oral microbiology, 13(1), 1924598.
Badri, M., Olfatifar, M., Abdoli, A., Houshmand, E., Zarabadipour, M., Abadi, P. A., ... & Eslahi, A. V. (2021). Current global status and the epidemiology of Entamoeba gingivalis in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Parasitologica, 66(4), 1102-1113.
Trim, R. D., Skinner, M. A., Farone, M. B., DuBois, J. D., & Newsome, A. L. (2011). Use of PCR to detect Entamoeba gingivalis in diseased gingival pockets and demonstrate its absence in healthy gingival sites. Parasitology research, 109, 857-864.
García, G., Ramos, F., Martínez-Hernández, F., Hernández, L., Yáñez, J., & Gaytán, P. (2018). A new subtype of Entamoeba gingivalis:“E. gingivalis ST2, kamaktli variant”. Parasitology research, 117, 1277-1284.
Noor, E., & Al-Bayaty, F. H. (2015). A review on predisposing and modifying factors of periodontal disease. Journal of advanced medical research, 5(1), 5-23.
Ibrahim, S., & Abbas, R. (2012). Evaluation of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis and its correlation with some risk factors. J Baghdad Coll Dent, 24(3), 158-162.
Garcia, L. S., & Procop, G. W. (2016). Diagnostic medical parasitology. Manual of Commercial Methods in Clinical Microbiology: International Edition, 284-308..
Cekici, A., Kantarci, A., Hasturk, H., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2014). Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 64(1), 57-80.
Burt B. (2005) Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of Periodontology. Position paper: Epidemiology of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol;76:1406-19.
Bao, X., Weiner 3rd, J., Meckes, O., Dommisch, H., & Schaefer, A. S. (2021). Entamoeba gingivalis exerts severe pathogenic effects on the oral mucosa. Journal of Dental Research, 100(7), 771-776.
Hamad, S. S., Mohammad, S. H., & Kader, M. A. (2012). Relationship between the Dental health and prevalence's Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis among patients attending Dental Clinics in Kirkuk. J Babylon Univ Pur Appl Scien, 20, 1441-1447.
Garcia, G., Ramos, F., Maldonado, J., Fernandez, A., Yáñez, J., Hernandez, L., & Gaytán, P. (2018). Prevalence of two Entamoeba gingivalis ST1 and ST2-kamaktli subtypes in the human oral cavity under various conditions. Parasitology research, 117, 2941-2948.
Ghabanchi, J., Zibaei, M., Afkar, M. D., & Sarbazie, A. H. (2010). Prevalence of oral Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontal disease and healthy population in Shiraz, southern Iran. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 21(1), 89-91.
Al–Saeed, W. M. (2003). Pathogenic effect of Entamoeba gingivalis on gingival tissues of rats. Al-Rafidain Dental Journal, 3(1), 70-73.
Yaseen, A., Mahafzah, A., Dababseh, D., Taim, D., Hamdan, A. A., Al-Fraihat, E., ... & Sallam, M. (2021). Oral colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: a PCR-based study in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 11, 782805.
Sharifi, M., Jahanimoghadam, F., Babaei, Z., Mohammadi, M. A., Sharifi, F., Hatami, N., ... & Poureslami, H. (2020). Prevalence and Associated-Factors for Entamoeba gingivalis in adolescents in Southeastern Iran by culture and PCR, 2017. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(2), 351.
Al- Najar S, Adnan E.( 1986) The first record of Entamoeba gingivalis in Iraqi patients. J Fac Med Baghdad;28:73-80.
Mekkey, S. M., and Tizkam, H. H. (2022). The prevalence rate of energy drinks consumption among young adults in Iraqi society. Medical Journal of Babylon, 19(3), 488-492.
Sarowska, J., Wojnicz, D., Kaczkowski, H., & Jankowski, S. (2004). The occurrence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontal disease. Adv Clin Exp Med, 13(2), 291-97.
Afara, N. M. A., and Binsaad, A. J. A. (2023). Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis and healthy individual and its associated factors. Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 90-98.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Noor Naeem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
